What is Permaculture?

Permaculture is an approach to designing landscapes that works with nature rather than against nature. Permaculture seeks to create beautiful living systems that provide food (and other essentials) for people in sustainable ways.

Permaculture was “founded” in Australia by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in the 1970’s. It combines age-old indigenous wisdom with new insights emerging from movements for sustainability around the world. Permaculture is a dynamic, eclectic, and creative discipline now happening world-wide.

Permaculture is based on the following three ethical principles:

* Care of the earth
* Care of the people
* Sharing the surplus

Some Key Permaculture Principles

* Observation – One must have a clear understanding of their immediate environment and the surrounding bio-region to create appropriate designs. Micro-climates (warmth, sun, moisture etc.) and other unique features of an area can be discovered and used to enhance the design.

* Native Plants – Since native plants are bested adapted to and integrated within the local ecology, they are preferred over exotic plants. However, carefully selected “exotic” plants can and should be used for particular purposes such as food production when there are no equivalent native species.

* Perennial Plants – Where possible, perennial plants are favoured over annuals as they can become long term members of an urban plant community and generally require less labour and resources than annuals. In addition to the many species of fruit, berries, nuts, and herbs that do well in Edmonton, there are also numerous perennial greens that can be harvested throughout the growing season to be eaten in salads, soups, stews etc.. Annual vegetables and herbs, however, also have an important place in an urban permaculture system.

* Relationships – Plants in a permaculture design are carefully selected and situated for the relationships they will have with other plants and other elements in the system. Diverse plants with diverse relationships are desired. These relationships will create a “synergistic” effect, creating a thriving ecological community.

* Elements – All elements of a permaculture design will have multiple functions. For example, a selected tree may provide shade for a sitting area, berries for food, habitat for birds, screening of an undesirable view, and may build the soil by fixing nitrogen, thereby supporting the plants grown around it.

* Functions – All functions are supported by multiple elements. For example, food will come from many plants, not just one or two. Many different plants will be used to attract a variety of pollinators and other beneficial insects. Water will be harvested and retained in a variety of ways, thereby reducing demand on city water and ensuring that the system will continue to thrive during times of drought.

* Zones – As a tool for site analysis and planning, permaculture considers every system to be comprised of five “zones”. In brief, “Zone 1” is closest to the house and includes those elements that are needed most on a day to day basis (i.e. kitchen herbs and vegetables) . Zones progress away from the house to less intensively cultivated or harvested elements all the way to Zone 5” which is “wildland” left for birds and other local wildlife.

* Resource Use – Permaculture systems strive to use as few external “inputs” as possible and to produce as little “waste” as possible. Natural resources such as sunlight and water are absorbed and maintained within the system as long s possible. Composting and mulching are used extensively to maintain and increase soil fertility. When outside “inputs” are required, they are preferably sourced as locally as possible and are ideally “waste” from the surrounding environment.

* Stacking – Plants incorporated into a permaculture landscape are “stacked” both in space and in time. Plants will be chosen to occupy the following 7 layers; below ground (i.e root crops), ground cover, herbaceous plants, shrubs, small trees, tall trees, and vines. Similarly, thought should be given into the long term development of the landscape over time, ensuring that the system will be thriving many years from now.

Home-Scale Examples of Permaculture

Permaculture is just as relevant and useful for the city-dweller as it for a small farmer or alternative community. Some very basic examples of how permaculture principles and design can be used in the urban setting include:

* Water Harvesting – Collecting run-off water from roofs, redirecting it to trees, shrubs and beds, and storing it in rain barrels for later use is an easy, economical and highly beneficial practice. Water can be further retained within the home landscape by using mulches, close plantings and by ensuring a high level of organic matter in the soil.

* Perennial Plants for Food – Most urban dwellers equate growing food with a square vegetable patch in the back corner of the yard. Nothing could be further from the truth! There are abundant possibilities for growing a tremendous amount of food-producing perennial plants in cities like Oakland, CAis. Fruits, berries, nuts, perennial herbs and perennial greens can all be included in an urban permaculture landscape.

* Composting and Mulching – There is no substitute for home grown compost! Intensive composting allows for the recycling of resources within one’s permaculture system and contributes greatly to soil fertility, structure and long term sustainability. Specialized composting techniques such as “sheet mulching” can facilitate the generation of larger amounts of compost within the growing beds themselves. Regular surface mulching also contributes organic matter to the soil, retains moisture, inhibits weed growth and reduces soil erosion and soil compaction.

* Use of Microclimates – City dwellers are blessed with numerous microclimates within their own yards. South facing walls, for example, can provide an excellent location for heat loving plants like grapes, tomatoes, or peppers and can also be good locations for extending the growing season. Lettuce and other greens, for example, sown in a passive cold frame on the south side of a house can produce a harvest in late March or early April and as late in the season as the end of November or early December. Microclimates can also be created, by such techniques as mounding up soil for an herb spiral which will have both hot and cool, wet and dry microclimates as well as creating additional surface area in the same amount of space.

* Plant Selections and Placement – While the post card picture of suburbia includes a large lush lawn with 3-4 shrubs, 2 trees and a couple of flower beds, urbanites are discovering that their own yards provides them with enough space to incorporate many diverse plant species. In the permaculture design approach, all of these plants will have a particular purpose and will be placed in careful relationship with other plants.A “nitrogen-fixing” caraganna hedge, for example, might be placed on the north side of a yard to provide a windbreak for the home, some privacy and a “heat trap” for tomatoes placed on its south side. The tomatoes will benefit from the nitrogen provided by the carragana and will also enjoy higher rates of pollination thanks to the number of bees that are attracted to the carragana flowers. The carragana hedge can in turn be cut (at least once per season as it is a very fast grower) to provide material for the compost pile. There are countless other inter-relationships like this that can be designed into an urban permaculture system.

* Forest Gardens – Mature forests occupy all available space with lush growth. “Forest gardens” model themselves after natural forest eco-systems but focus on plants that provide food, medicines and other resources. Urban yards can also take advantage of the possibilities of using vertical space to make up for what they lack in horizontal space. All 7 layers (root, ground cover, herb layer, shrubs, mall trees, large trees, vines) can be occupied by plants that offer not only beauty but food, medicine, or other benefits as well. When appropriately designed for a particular bio-region, forest gardens provide an abundance of food in a way that is self-perpetuating, self-fertilizing, self-mulching, self-watering, self-pollinating and highly resistant to disease. The following article by forest garden pioneer, Robert Hart provides an excellent summary of designing forest gardens for urban areas: http://www.risc.org.uk/garden/roberthart.html. For a listing of hardy plants for forest gardens in our climate, link to Plants for Edible Forest Gardens in Alberta.

For additional information on the growing world-wide permaculture movement, follow the links to these websites:

* Permaculture Magazine
* British Permaculture Association

The Permaculture Activist
Introduction to permaculture
Ethics

“Care of the Earth” – this includes all living and non-living things, land, water, animals, air etc.

“Care of People” – to promote self-reliance and community responsibility.

“Return of Surplus” – to pass on anything surplus to our needs (labour, money, information etc) for the aims above.

Implicit in the above is the “Life Ethic”: all living organisms are not only means but ends. In addition to their instrumental value to humans and other living organisms, they have an intrinsic worth.

Permaculture is an ethical system, stressing positivism and cooperation.

Definition of permaculture

Permaculture is the conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive ecosystems which have the diversity, stability and resilience of natural ecosystems. It is the harmonious integration of landscape and people providing their food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs in a sustainable way. Without permanent agriculture there is no possibility of a stable social order.

Permaculture design is a system of assembling conceptual, material and strategic components in a pattern which functions to benefit life in all its forms.

The philosophy behind permaculture is one of working with, rather than against, nature; protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protracted and thoughtless action; of looking at systems in all their functions, rather than asking only one yield of them; and of allowing systems to demonstrate their own evolutions.

The word “permaculture” can be used by anybody adhering to the ethics and principles expressed herein. The only restriction on use is that of teaching; only graduates of a Permaculture Institute can teach “permaculture”, and they adhere to agreed-on curricula developed by the College of Graduates of the Institutes of Permaculture.

Real world design

The need for the establishment of sustainable systems globally is now obvious.

Sustainable systems:-

- Produce more energy than they consume.

- Create, or at the very least do not destroy soils and forests.

- Produce most of the regional needs.

- Recycle or produce nutrients.

Permaculture is primarily a design for a sustainable, human-controlled support system.

- Polycultures of mixed systems and ecotones out produce per unit area any simplistic monocultures. Mixed plant/animal systems are part of a total polyculture.

Permaculture concentrates on already settled areas and agricultural lands, and almost all of these need drastic re-design and re-patterning. The result of redesign of food supply systems integrated throughout our settlements with fiber and fuel forests placed in a nearby zone and the establishment of water catchments from our settlement run off surfaces, will be to free most of the area of the globe for the rehabilitation of natural systems. These large natural systems need only be of use to people in terms of a very broad sense of global health

The Prime Directive of Permaculture.

The only ethical decision is to take responsibility for our own existence and that of our children:-

- We need to get our house and garden, our place of living, in order, so it supports us.

There is historical proof that within a region of environmental stability created by sustainable land use systems, stability in human population naturally occurs. If we do not get our cities, homes and gardens in order, so that they feed and shelter us, we must lay waste to all other natural systems and we become the final plague.

Permaculture as a design system contains nothing new. It arranges what was always there in a different way, so that it works to conserve energy or to generate more energy than it consumes. What is novel, and often overlooked, is that any system of total commonsense design for human communities is revolutionary.

Principles of natural systems and design.

Guiding principles of permaculture design:-

- Everything is connected to everything else.

- Every function is supported by many elements.

- Every element should serve many functions.

Design can be for aesthetic and functional purposes. Permaculture design concentrates on function.

Functional design is:-

- 1. Sustainable so it provides for its own needs.

- 2. Has good production, providing surplus, for this to occur, elements must have no product unused by other elements and have their own needs supplied by other elements in the system.

If these criteria are not met, then pollution and work result. Pollution is a product not used by something else; it is an over-abundance of a resource. Work results when there is a deficiency of resources, when an element in the system does not aid another element. Any system will become chaotic if it receives more resources than it can productively use.

A resource is any energy storage which assists yield. The work of the permaculture designer is to maximize useful energy storages in any system on which they are working, be it a house, urban property, rural lands, or gardens. A successful design contains enough useful storage to serve the needs of people.

Methodology of design

Permaculture design emphasizes patterning of landscape, function, and species assemblies.

It asks the question, “Where does this element go? How is best placed for maximum benefit in the system?”

Permaculture is made up of techniques and strategies:-

- Techniques are how we do things, (one-dimensional).

- Strategies are how and when, (two-dimensional).

- Design is patterning, (multi-dimensional).

Permaculture is all about the science and ethics of design patterning.

Approaches to design:-

- 1. Maps, “where is everything?”

- 2. Analysis of elements, “how do these things connect?”

- 3. Sector planning, “where do we put things?”

- 4. Observational.

- 5. Experiential.

1. Maps: A main tool of a designer, but “the map is never the territory”. Be careful not to design just from maps, no map tells the entire story that can be observed on the ground. A sequence of maps are valuable to see clearly where to place elements: – Water, Access, Structures, Topology etc.

2. The analysis of elements: List the needs, products, and the intrinsic characteristics of each element. Lists are made to try and link the supply needs of elements to the production needs of others.

An example that is easy to understand is the lists needed to link a chicken into a system:

Experiment on paper, connecting and combining the elements (buildings, plants, animals, etc) to achieve no pollution (excess product), and minimum work. Try to have one element fulfill the needs of another.

3. Sector planning: Includes (a) zones (b) sector (c) slope, and (d) orientation

(a) ZONES, it is useful to consider the site as a series of zones, which can be concentric rings, a single pathway through the system, starting with the home centre and working out.

The placement of elements in each zone depends on importance, priorities, and number of visits needed for each element, e.g. chicken house is visited every day, so it needs to be close (but not necessarily next to the house). A herb spiral would be next to the kitchen.

Brief worldview of permaculture (what does it do and where?)

The planet is in crisis, the global ecological, food and water systems are all failing. Climate change is accelerating; permaculture design offers positive solutions today. There are now 750,000 graduates of this course worldwide with over 400,000 projects in 120 countries. Permaculture design consultants are now recognized by the United Nations aid organizations and employed in both emergency and development aid projects.

Permaculture consultants are now used in regional development for environmentally sustainable design criteria demanded by local and national governments worldwide.